Q1. What information does a herbarium sheet provide about the specimen?
Solution
The herbarium sheet provides information about the date and place of
collection of the specimen, local and botanical names, family and collector’s
name.
Q2. Give the biological classification for the following:
(1) Mango (2) Man
Solution
(1) Mango (Mangifera
indica)
Kingdom: Plantae
Division: Angiospermae
Class: Dicotyledonae
Order: Sapindales
Family: Anacardiaceae
Genus: Mangifera
Species: indica
(2) Man (Homo sapiens)
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Primata
Family: Hominidae
Genus: Homo
Species: sapiens
Q3. Despite the number of differing features, why are fish, amphibians,
birds, reptiles and mammals included in phylum Chordata?
Solution
A phylum is a higher taxonomic category. Phylum Chordata constitutes
all animals which show the presence of a notochord and dorsal hollow neural
system. Fish, amphibians, birds, reptiles and mammals show the presence of
these two characters. Hence, despite the number of differing features, they
are included in phylum Chordata.
Q4. Write the importance of flora, monographs and manuals as taxonomical
aids.
Solution
A flora
contains information on the habitat and distribution of plants of a given
area and provides the index to the plant species found in a particular area.
Manuals provide information on the identification of names of species
found in a particular area.
Q5. How are insects preserved in the museum?
Solution
In a museum, insects are first collected, killed and pinned in an
insect box.
Q6. Define taxonomy.
Solution
The process of classification of all living organisms based on
characteristics into different taxa is called
taxonomy.
Q7. Define nomenclature.
Solution
Nomenclature is the process of standardising the naming of living
organisms such that a particular organism is known by the same name all over
the world.
Q8. Discuss the utility of
systematics.
Solution
Systematics is the
science which deals with the diversity of organisms and their comparative and
evolutionary relationships based on comparative anatomy, comparative
biochemistry and physiology.
Systematics helps in
1. Providing knowledge
about the evolutionary tree of life
2. Identification of
new organisms
Q9. Name two botanical gardens located in India.
Solution
Two
botanical gardens located in India:
National Botanical Research Institute at Lucknow
Indian Botanical Garden at Howrah
Q10. Name the three codes of
nomenclature.
Solution
1. International Code of Botanical
Nomenclature
2. International Code of Zoological
Nomenclature
3. International Code of
Bacteriological Nomenclature
Q11. State the three factors which form the basis of modern taxonomic
studies.
Solution
Factors which form the basis of modern taxonomic studies are as
follows:
External and internal structure of organisms
Structure of cell
Development process and ecological information
of organisms
Q12. What title did Linnaeus use for his publication?
Solution
Linnaeus used Systema Naturae
for his publication.
Q13. What does the abbreviation ICZN stand for?
Solution
ICZN: International Code of Zoological Nomenclature
Q14. What does the abbreviation ICBN stand for?
Solution
ICBN: International Code for Botanical Nomenclature
Q15. What are the universal rules of nomenclature?
Solution
The universal rules of nomenclature are as follows:
Biological names are in Latin and are written
in italics.
The first word in the name indicates the genus,
while the second word denotes its specific epithet.
When the name is handwritten, both the words
are separately underlined. When printed, the name is in italics.
The first letter of the first word is always
written in capital, while the first letter of the specific epithet, i.e.
the second word, is a small letter.
Examples: Homo sapiens, Mangifera indica
Q16. What are the two characteristics of growth of living organisms?
Solution
Increase in mass and increase in the number of individuals are the two
characteristics of growth of living organisms.
Q17. Distinguish between class and phylum, and give one example.
Solution
Class
Phylum
1. It is a taxonomic category which includes all
the related orders.
1. It is a taxonomical category higher than class,
and it includes organisms based on common features.
2. Example: Monkey and cat belong to class Mammalia, but their orders differ. Monkey belongs to
order Primata, while cat belongs to order Carnivora.
2. Example: Fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds and
mammals belong to different classes, but all are placed under phylum
Chordata based on common features such as the presence of notochord and a
hollow neural system.
Q18. Define the taxonomic category ‘Family’.
Solution
A family is a group of related genera with less number of similarities
between organisms as compared to the genus and species.
Q19. What is binomial nomenclature? Give one example.
Solution
Binomial nomenclature is the system of providing a scientific name
with two components.
Example: The scientific name of mango is Mangifera indica.
Q20. Define the following:
Botanical garden
Order
Solution
Q21. What is a tribe?
Solution
A tribe is the
intermediate category between genus and subfamily.
Q22. What is herbarium? State the use of herbarium.
Solution
A herbarium is a store house of collected plant specimens which are
dried, pressed and preserved on sheets. A herbarium helps as a referral
system in the taxonomical studies of plants.
Q23. What are the two components of binomial nomenclature?
Solution
The two components of binomial nomenclature are the generic name and
the specific epithet.
Q24. Explain how specimens are preserved in a biological museum?
Solution
Specimens
are preserved in a biological museum in the following ways:
Animal specimens are usually preserved in jars
containing preservative solutions.
Plants and animals are sometimes preserved as
dry specimens.
Insects are preserved in insect boxes after
collecting, killing and pinning.
Large animals (e.g. birds and mammals) are
stuffed and preserved in containers.
Animal skeletons are also preserved.
Q25. Explain the concept of
New Systematics.
Solution
The term ‘New
Systematics’ was coined by Julian Huxley. In new systematics, emphasis is given
to classical morphology such as cytology, physiology, biochemistry, ecology
and genetics.
Q26. What is genus?
Solution
The genus is a group of related species which has more characters in
common in comparison to species of other genera.
Q27. Who proposed the binomial nomenclature system?
Solution
Carolus Linnaeus proposed the binomial nomenclature system.
Q28. What are zoological parks?
Solution
The places where wild animals are kept in protected environments under
human care and which enable us to learn about their food habit and behaviour.
Q29. Why reproduction cannot be a defining characteristic of living beings?
Solution
Animals
such as mules and sterile worker bees do not reproduce. Hence, reproduction
cannot be a defining characteristic of living beings.
Q30. Define classification.
Solution
Classification is the process by which anything is grouped into
convenient categories based on some easily observable characters.
Comments
Post a Comment